Genus: Ichthyornis MARSH, 1872
Etymology: Greek, ikhthys, “fish” and Greek, ornis, “bird”: Alluding to the biconcave-shaped vertebrae, like those found in fish. Fish bird.
= Angelinornis KASHIN, 1972
Etymology: In honor of Angelina Mikhaylovna Sudilovskaya (1903-1978) a Russian ornithologist.
= Colonosaurus MARSH, 1872
Etymology: Greek, kylos, “stunted" and Greek, taurus, “lizard”: for the small size of a toothed lower jaw found with the type specimen of Ichthyornis; Stunted lizard.
= Plegadornis WETMORE, 1962 non BREHM, 1855 (Plegadornis Aves, Threskiornithidae)
Etymology: Latin, Plegadis, genus name of ibis (from Greek, plegas, “little sickle”) and Greek, ornis, "bird": Originally identified as a “stork-like bird”.
= Ichtyornis WELLNHOFER, 1980 (sic)

Species: dispar MARSH, 1872
Etymology: Latin, dispar, “unlike”; for the biconcave-shaped vertebrae which is different than the saddle-shaped vertebrae of modern birds.

Holotype: YPM 1450

Locality: Near Solomon River, Section I, Township 6 S, Range 19 W, Rooks County, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Member, Niobrara Formation ("Pteranodon beds").

Biostratigraphy: From the combined zones of Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus and Platyceramus platinus.

Age: Early Santonian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material: Portions of the skull, mandible, cervical, thoracic and sacral vertebrae, sternum, ribs, coracoid, humerus, ulna, radius, carpometacarpus, femur, tibiotarsus, and several vials of unidentifiable fragments.

Modified from PAUL via CLARK, 2004, composite skull

Referred material:

CLARKE, 2004, MARSH, 1880

YPM 1718: Coracoid and scapula.

YPM 1723: Tibotarsus.

YPM 1730: Humerus and carpometacarpus.

YPM 1764: Humerus and ulna

NHMUK (old BMNH) A905: Sternum, medial portion of furcula, coracoids, scapulae, humeri and proxmal radius.

SMM 2503: Partial skeleton.

 

BENITO, CHEN, WILSON, BHULLAR, BURNHAM & FIELD, 2022

Locality: Alabama.

Horizon: Mooreville Chalk Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Early Campanian Stage,  Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

ALMNH: Paleo: 1043: Proximal humerus and bone fragment.

ALMNH: Paleo: 1310: Distal tarsometatarsus.

ALMNH: Paleo: 1311: Distal tarsometatarsus.

ALMNH: Paleo: 1314: Distal femur.

ALMNH: Paleo: 1319: Proximal femur.

ALMNH: Paleo: 1677: Proximal tarsometatarsus.

ALMNH: Paleo: 1786: Proximal humerus.

ALMNH: Paleo: 1944: Premaxilla, maxillae, mandible, 8 vertebrae, rib, coracoid, omal furcula fragmetn, distal ulna, ulnar carpals, carpometacarpus, manual phalanges, femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus and pedal phalanx.

ALMNH: Paleo: 3412: Distal tibiotarsus.

MSC 2841: Distal carpometacarpus.

MSC 3394: Distal carpometacarpus.

MSC 5794: Proximal humerus.

MSC 5895: Distal humerus, proximal radius and manual phalanx.

MSC 5916: Proximal ulna.

MSC 5937: Partial coracoid.

MSC 6200: Proximal radius and distal ulna.

MSC 6201: Manual phalanx.

MSC 6202: Carpometacarpus.

MSC 7841: Omal coracoid, humeri and distal ulna.

MSC 7842: Partial humerus.

MSC 7844: Distal humerus.

MSC 13214: Partial tarsometatarsus.

MSC 13868: Pragmetnary pedal phalanx.

MSC 34426: Distal carpometacarpus.

MSC 34427: Partial coracoid, distal ulna and partial carpometacarpus.

Locality: Kansas.

Horizon: Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Middle Santonian Stage,  Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

BHI 6420: Scauplate, coracoids, omal furcula fragment, humeri, radius, proximal ulna, radial carpal, carpometacarpus, and manual phalanges.

BHI 6421: Mandibles, quadrate, 3 thoracic vertebrae, distal humerus, distal ulna, manual phalanx and distal tibiotarsus.

KUVP 2281: Scapula and coracoid.

KUVP 2284: Coracoid, humerus, ulna, radius, ulnar carpal and manual phalanx.

KUVP 2300: Humerus.

KUVP 25469: Distal humerus and manual phalanx.

KUVP 25471: Fragmentary vertebra and humerus.

KUVP 25472: 17 vertebrae (cervical, thoracic and caudal), radius and proximal ulna.

KUVP 119673: Quadrate, jugal, mandible, 13 vertebrae (cervical, thoracic and caudal), synsacrum, sternum, ribs, coraoci, scapula, humeri, radii, ulnae, pelves, femur distal tibiotarsus and fibula.

KUVP 123459: Partial carpometacarpus.

KUVP 157821: Synsacrum, omal furcual fragmetn, distal radius and carpometacarpus.

NHUMK A 905:

 

 

 

DUMONT, TAFFOREAU, BERTIN, BHULLAR, FIELD, SCHULP, STRILISKY, THIVICHON-PRINCE, VIRIOT, & LOUCHART, 2016

Locality: Alabama.

Horizon: Mooreville Chalk Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Early Santonian to early Campanian Stage,  Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

UAM_PV93.2.133_1, UAM_PV93.2.133_2: 2 teeth.

 

Locality: Twin Butte Creek, Gove County, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Santonian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

YPM 1450: Tooth.

 

FIELD, HANSON, BURNHAM, WILSON, SUPER, EHRET, EBERSOLE & BHULLAR, 2018

Locality: Near Castle Rock, Gove County, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Middle Santonian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

FHSM VP-18702: Nearly complete skull, lower jaws, 2 cervical vertebrae, synsacrum, ribs, sternum, scapula, coracoids, partial humeri, ulna, radii, radial carpals, ulnar carpal, carpometacarpus, manual phalnax, femur, distal tibiotarsus, fibula, tarsometatarsus adn pedal phalanges.


PORRAS-MUZQUIZ, CHATTERJEE, & LEHMAN, 2014

Locality: Ejido Piedritas, Coahuila State, Mexico.

Horizon: Upper part of the Austin Group.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Coniacian Stage, Lower Senonian Subepoch, Lower Gulf Epoch- Lower Campanian Stage, Senoniain Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

MUZ-689a, b: Nearly complete right humerus.

 

= Colonosaurus mudgei MARSH, 1872
Etymology: In honor of Professor B. F. Mudge, who found the remains in the Upper Cretaceous shale of Western Kansas.

Holotype: YPM 1450

Locality: Near Solomon River, Section I, Township 6 S, Range 19 W, Rooks County, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Member, Niobrara Formation ("Pteranodon beds").

Biostratigraphy: From the combined zones of Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus and Platyceramus platinus.

Age: Early Santonian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material: 2 lower jaws of type.

 


Locality:

Horizon:

Biostratigraphy:

Age:

Material:

YPM 1459: Skull?

 


PARRIS & ECHOLS, 1992

Locality: Savoy pit, Ector 7.5' Quadrangle, Savoy Pit, Fannin County, Texas.

Horizon: Ector Chalk Formation, Austin Group.

Biostratigraphy: Within the Peroniceras haasi zone.

Age: Coniacian Stage, Lower Senonian Subepoch, Lower Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

TMM 31051-24: Right humerus.

TMM 31051-25: Right humerus, partial ulna, partial radius and portion of carpometacarpus.

 

= Graculavus anceps MARSH, 1872a
= Ichthyornis anceps (MARSH, 1872a) MARSH, 1872b
Etymology: Latin, anceps, “two-headed.”

Holotype: YPM 1749

Locality: North Fork Smoky Hill River, Logan County, about 12 miles east of East of Wallace, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Member, Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Coniacian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material: Dentary, and a left metacarpal.

Note: YPM 1208: Distal portion of left carpometacarpus according to BRODKORB, 1967.

 

= Graculavus agilis MARSH, 1873
= Ichthyornis agilis (MARSH, 1873) MARSH, 1880
Etymology: Latin, agilis, "agile."

Holotype: YPM 1209

Locality: Butte Creek, a tributary of the Smoky Hill River, Logan County, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Member, Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Coniacian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material: Proximal end of the main shaft of the left carpo-metacarpus.

Referred material:

CLARKE, 2004, MARSH, 1880

YPM 1453: Ulna.

 

= Ichthyornis victor MARSH, 1876
Etymology: Latin, victor, “conqueror.”

Holotype: YPM 1452

Locality: Wallace County, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Member, Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Coniacian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material: A proximal right coracoid, proximal right scapula, and three fragments of a poorly preserved left humerus.

Note: YPM 1452 BRODKORB, 1967.
Note: CLARKE states that this species is based on at least 15 specimens and belongs to several types of birds.

Referred material:

YPM 1735: Jaw.

Note: At least another 40 specimens.

CLARKE, 2004, MARSH, 1880

YPM 1447: Humerus.

YPM 1456: Tarsometatarsus.

YPM 1457: Humerus, radius and ulna.

YPM 1458: Coracoid, scapula (fragment 1459, part of 1458 coracoid).

YPM 1461: Sternum, ribs, coracoid and humerus.

YPM 1463: Manual phalanx II:1.

YPM 1464: Tarsometatarsus.

YPM 1724: Carpometacarpus.

YPM 1726: Manual phalanx II: 1.

YPM 1727: Coracoid and scapula.

YPM 1732: Thoracic and caudal vertebrae, sacrum, femur, tibiotarsus, and pedal phalanx.

YPM 1739: Tarsometatarsus.

YPM 1741: Coracoid, scapula humerus and radius.

YPM 1742: Humerus.

YPM 1743: Coracoid.

YPM 1745: Coracoid.

YPM 1775: Mandible, quadrate, thoracic vertebrae, pygostyle?, humerus, ulna, radius, carpometacarpus, manual phalanges II:1 adn III: 1, femur and tibiotarsus.

 

 


Locality: Hackberry Creek near Smoky Hill River, Gove County, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Member, Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Coniacian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

YPM 1733: Cervical vertebrae, coracoid, scapula, humerus, radius, sacrum and part of the ilium?

 

 


Locality: Graham County, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Member, Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Coniacian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

YPM:

 

= Ichthyornis validus MARSH, 1880
Etymology: Latin, validum, "strong."

Holotype: YPM 1740

Locality: Near Solomon River, Graham County, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Member, Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Coniacian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material: Ulna and radius.

Referred material:

CLARKE, 2004, MARSH, 1880

YPM 1446: Coracoid.

 

= Ichthyornis (unidified by MARSH, 1880) CLARKE, 2004

Locality: Kansas.

Horizon: Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Late Cretaceous.

Material:

YPM 1454, 1460, 1462, 1731, 1744: Ulnae.

YPM 1459: Cranial fragments.

YPM 1719, 1746, 1767, 1768, 1774, 1776: Coracoid.

YPM 1720-1722, 1725, 1737, 1747, 1748, 1750, 1756, 1763, 9685: Humeri.

YPM 1735: Mandible.

YPM 1736, 1751, 1752, 1769: Carpometacarpus.

YPM 1754: Tibiotarsus.

YPM 1755: Furcula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpometacarpus, manual phalanx II:1.

YPM 1757: Coracoid, humerus, and ulna.

YPM 1758: Ulna, and radius.

YPM 1759: Manual phalanges II:1, I:1.

YPM 1761: Mandibular fragment.

YPM 1763: Coracoid, scapula, humerus, and radius?

YPM 1770: Radius.

YPM 1771: Tarsometatarsus.

YPM 1772: Scapula.

YPM 1773: Coracoid, scapula, radius, humerus, carpometacarpus and endocast?

YPM 56577: Coracoid and scapula.

 

= Ichthyornis sp LUCAS & SULLIVAN, 1982

Locality: SE 1/4, SE 1/4 Sec. 14, T 19N, R1W on the U. S. Geological Survey LaVentana 7 1/2' Quadrangle map (Text-fig. 2), Sandoval County, New Mexico.

Horizon: Mancos Shale, Juan Lopez Member.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Turonian Stage, Uppermost Gallic Subepoch, Lower Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

YPM 9148: Humerus lacking deltopectoral crest.

 

= Ichthyornis sp GINGERICH, 1972

Locality: Wallace County, Kansas.

Horizon: Smoky Hill Member, Niobrara Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Coniacian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

YPM 6264: Posterior segment of a left mandible.

= Plegadornis antecessor WETMORE, 1962
Etymology: Latin, antecessor, “forerunner.”
= Ichthyornis antecessor (WETMORE, 1962) OLSON, 1975
= Angelinornis antecessor (WETMORE, 1962) KASHIN, 1972

Holotype: USNM 22820

Locality: Alabama.

Horizon: Mooreville Chalk, Selma Group.

Biostratigraphy: Middle Tylosaurus Acme-zone – Clidastes Acame zone.

Age: Niobraran age, Upper Santonian-Lower Campanian Stage, Senoniain Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material: Distal end of a humerus.

Referred material:

PARRIS & ECHOLS, 1992

Locality: Little Walnut Creek-Old Sprinkle Bridge Locality: Austin, Travis County, Texas.

Horizon: Fflugerville Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Campanian Stage, Senoniain Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

TMM 42522-1: Distal end of a left humerus.

 

Locality: East Texas State Locality 36, "Dig 2", Woodson Property approximately 100 meters upstream from a bridge on an unnamed and unnumbered county road, approximately one kilometer due east of Gober, on an unnamed tributary of the North Slulphur River (Gober 7.5' Quadrangle), Fannin County, Texas.

Horizon: Upper Roxton Limestone Member, Gober Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Campanian Stage, Senoniain Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

ET 4396 (L85-6): Proximal end of a left carpometacarpus.


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Species:? LAMBE, 1997...A recently discovered specimen of Ichthyornis represented by numerous vertebrae, a pelvis, limb bones and a partial skull preserved the fused, edentulous, premaxillae…