Snakes (Genus: 36; Species: 45)
CLASS: REPTILIA Laurenti, 1768
= CLASS: MONOCONDYLIA Cope, 1890
SUBCLASS: DIAPSIDA Osborn, 1903
= PARADIAPSIDA
= INFRASERIES: DIAPSIDA Benton & Norman, in Benton, 1985
= CLASS: EUOSTEICHTHYES Wiley, 1979 (partim)
= INFRACLASS: CHOANATA
= SUPERDIVISION: AMNIOTA Wiley, 1979
= DIVISION: SAUROPSIDA Wiley, 1979 (sedis mutabilis)
CLADE NAME: NEOREPTILIA Ford & Benson, 2020
INFRACLASS: NEODIAPSIDA Benton, 1985
= STEM-GROUP: NEODIAPSIDA Benton, 1985
= SUPERDIVISION: NEODIAPSIDA Benton, 1985
CLADE NAME: SAURIA McCARTNEY, 1802 sensu GAUTHIER, KLUGE & ROWE, 1988
LEGION: LEPIDOSAUROMORPHA BENTON, 1983
= DIVISION: LEPIDOSAURIA DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1839
= SUBDIVISION: LEPIDOSAURIA GARDNER, 1982
SUBLEGION: LEPIDOSAURIA HAECKEL, 1866 (DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1839)
= SUPERORDER: LEPIDOSAURIA HAECKEL, 1866 (DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1839)
MAGNORDER: SQUAMATA, OPPEL, 1811
= SUPERORDER: SQUAMATA OPPEL, 1811
= ORDER: SQUAMATA OPPEL, 1811
= STEREPTOSTYLICA COPE, 1898
= SUPERCOHORT: SQUAMATA WILEY, 1979
SUPERORDER: LACERTILIA OWEN, 1842
GRANDORDER: SCINCOGEKKONOMORPHA SUKHANOV, 1961
MICRORDER: SCINCOMORPHA CAMP, 1923
ORDER: ANGUIMORPHA FÜRBRINGER, 1900
SUBORDER: PYTHONOMORPHA COPE, 1898
INFRAORDER: OPHIDIOMORPHA PALCI & CLADWELL, 2007
Family: Indeterminate
Incertae sedis
PARVORDER: OPHIDIA BRONGNIART, 1800
= ORDER: ANGUISAURI COPE, 1890
Incertae sedis
Genus: Norisophis KLEIN, LONGRICH, IBRAHIM, ZOUHRI & MARTILL, 2017
N. begaa KLEIN, LONGRICH, IBRAHIM, ZOUHRI & MARTILL, 2017 (Type)
Genus: Sesimophis HSIOU, ALBINO, MEDEIROS, & SANTOS, 2014
S. septentrionalis HSIOU, ALBINO, MEDEIROS, & SANTOS, 2014 (Type)
Genus: Tetrapodophis MARTILL, TISCHLINGER, & LONGRICH,
2015
T. amplectus MARTILL, TISCHLINGER, & LONGRICH, 2015 (Type)
Family: PACHYRHACHIDAE emend Caldwell & Lee, 1997
Genus: Eupodophis RAGE & ESCUILLIE, 2002
= Podophis RAGE & ESCUILLIE, 2000 non Wiegmann, 1843 (Podophis no species name given, Squamata, Scincidae)
E. descouensi (RAGE & ESCUILLIE, 2000) RAGE & ESCUILLIE, 2002 (Type)
= Podophis descouensi RAGE & ESCUILLIE, 2000
Genus: Haasiophis TCHERNOV,
RIEPPEL, ZAHER, POLCYN & JACOBS, 2000
H. terrasanctus TCHERNOV, RIEPPEL, ZAHER,
POLCYN & JACOBS, 2000 (Type)
Genus: Mesophis BOLKAY, 1925
M. nopcsai BOLKAY, 1925 (Type)
Genus: Pachyophis NOPCSA, 1923
P. woodwardi NOPCSA, 1923 (Type)
Genus: Pachyrhachis HAAS, 1979
= Estesius WALLACH, 1984
= Ophiomorphus HAAS, 1980
P. problematicus HAAS, 1979 (Type)
= Ophiomorphus colberti HAAS, 1980
= Estesius
colberti (HAAS, 1980) WALLACH, 1984
Genus: Nova DAL SASSO & RENESTO, 1999
Family: CHOLOPHIDIA Nopcsa, 1923
Superfamily: SERPENTES Linnaeus, 1759
= SUPERORDER: SERPENTES LINNAEUS, 1759
= ORDER: SERPENTES LINNAEUS, 1759
Family: PARVIRAPTORIDAE Caldwell, Nydam, Palci & Apesteguia, 2015
Genus: Parviraptor EVANS, 1994
P. estesi EVANS, 1994 (Type)
P. sp
Incertae sedis
Genus: Diablophis CLADWELL, NYDAM, PALCI & APESTEGUIA, 2015
D. gilmorei (EVANS, 1996) CLADWELL, NYDAM, PALCI & APESTEGUIA, 2015 (Type)
= Parviraptor gilmorei EVANS, 1996
Genus: Eophis CLADWELL, NYDAM, PALCI & APESTEGUIA, 2015
E. underwoodi CLADWELL, NYDAM, PALCI & APESTEGUIA, 2015 (Type)
L. aquaticus
ALBINO, CARRILLO-BRICENO, & NEENAN, 2016 (Type)
Genus: Najash APESTEGUIA & ZAHER,
2006
N. rionegrina APESTEGUIA & ZAHER, 2006 (Type)
Genus: Portugalophis CLADWELL, NYDAM, PALCI & APESTEGUIA, 2015
P. lignites CLADWELL, NYDAM, PALCI & APESTEGUIA, 2015 (Type)
Genus: Xiaophis XING, CALDWELL, CHEN, NYDAM, PALCI, SIMOES, McKELLAR, LEE, LIU, SHI, WANG & BAI, 2018
X. myanmarensis XING, CALDWELL, CHEN, NYDAM, PALCI, SIMOES, McKELLAR, LEE, LIU, SHI, WANG & BAI, 2018 (Type)
Family: CONIOPHEIDAE Hoffstetter, 1955
Genus: Coniophis MARSH, 1892
C. precedens MARSH, 1892 (Type)
C.
cosgriffi ARMSTRONG-ZIEGLER, 1978
C.
dabiebus RAGE & WERNER, 1999
C. sp
Family: ALETHINOPHIDAE Nopcsa, 1923 emend
= SUBORDER:
ALETHINOPHIDIA NOPCSCA, 1923
Genus: Cerberophis LONGRICH, BHULLAR & GAUTHIER, 2013a
C. rex LONGRICH, BHULLAR & GAUTHIER, 2013a (Type)
Incertae sedis
Subfamily: SIMOLIOPHEINAE Nopcsa, 1925
= Superfamily: SIMOLIOPHEIDEA Nopcsa, 1925
Infrafamily: LAPPARENTOPHINIAE Hoffstetter, 1968
= Family: LAPPARENTOPHEIDAE Hoffstetter, 1968
Genus: Lapparentophis HOFFSTETTER, 1960
L. defrennei HOFFSTETTER, 1960 (Type)
L. ragei VULLO, 2019
Genus: Pouitella RAGE, 1988
P. pervetus RAGE, 1988 (Type)
P. sp
Infrafamily: SIMOLIOPHEIINAE Nopcsa, 1925
= Family: SIMOLIOPHEIDAE Nopcsa, 1925
Genus: Simoliophis SAUVAGE, 1880
S. rochebrunei SAUVAGE, 1880 (Type)
= Simoliophis delgadoi SAUVAGE, 1898
S. libycus NESOV, ZHEGALLO & AVERIANOV, 1998
S. sp
Family: SCOLECOPHIDAE Dumeril & Bibron, 1844 emend
= INFRAORDER: SCOLECOPHIDIA DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1844
Incertae sedis
Genus: Boipeba FACHINI, ONARY, PALCI, LEE, BRONZATI & HSIOU, 2020
B. tayasuensis FACHINI, ONARY, PALCI, LEE, BRONZATI & HSIOU, 2020 (Type)
Family: ANILIIDAE Fitzniger, 1826
Genus: Australophis GOMEZ, BAEZ, & ROUGIER, 2008
A. anilioides GOMEZ, BAEZ, & ROUGIER, 2008 (Type)
Family: BOIDAE Gray, 1825
= Subfamily: BOINAE Gray, 1825
= Subfamily: BOOIDINAE Gray, 1825
= Superfamily: BOOIDEA Gray, 1825
(Boas and pythons)
= CLADE NAME: MACROSTOMATA Hsiang, Field, Webster, Behlke, Davis, Racicot & Gauthier, 2015
= CLADE NAME: HENOPHIDIA Hsiang, Field, Webster, Behlke, Davis, Racicot & Gauthier, 2015
Infrafamily: DINILYSIINEA Romer, 1956
= Family: DINILYSIIDAE Romer, 1956
Genus: Dinilysia WOODWARD, 1901
D. patagonica WOODWARD, 1901 (Type)
D. sp
Infrafamily: BOOINEA Gray, 1925
= Family: BOOIDAE Gray,
1825
Incertae sedis
Tribe: MADTSOIINI Hoffstetter, 1961
= Subfamily: MADTSOIINAE Hoffstetter, 1961
= Family: MADTSOIIDAE Hoffstetter, 1961
Genus: Adinophis PRITCAHRD, McCARTNEY, KRAUSE & KLEY, 2014
A. fisaka PRITCAHRD, McCARTNEY, KRAUSE & KLEY, 2014 (Type)
Genus: Alamitophis ALBINO, 1987
A. argentinus ALBINO, 1987 (Type)
A. elongatus ALBINO, 1994
Genus: Eomadtsoia GOMEZ, GARBEROGLIO & ROUGIER, 2019
E. ragei GOMEZ, GARBEROGLIO & ROUGIER, 2019 (Type)
Genus: Herensugea RAGE, 1996
H. caristiorum RAGE, 1996 (Type)
Genus: Madtsoia SIMPSON, 1933
M. madagascariensis HOFFSTETTER, 1961 (Not type)
M. laurasiae RAGE,
1996
M. pisdurensis MOHABEY, HEAD & WILSON, 2011
Genus: Menarana LADUKE, KRAUSE, SCANLON & KLEY, 2010
M. nosymena LADUKE, KRAUSE, SCANLON & KLEY, 2010 (Type)
Genus: Nidophis VASILE, CSIKI-SAVA & VENCZEL, 2013
N. insularis VASILE, CSIKI-SAVA & VENCZEL, 2013 (Type)
Genus: Patagoniophis ALBINO, 1986
P. parvus ALBINO, 1986 (Type)
Genus: Rionegrophis ALBINO,
1987
R. madtsoioides ALBINO, 1987 (Type)
R. sp
Genus: Sanajeh WILSON, MOHABEY, PETERS & HEAD, 2010
S. indicus WILSON, MOHABEY, PETERS & HEAD, 2010 (Type)
Genus: Wadanaang MALKANI, 2021
W. kohsulaimani MALKANI, 2021 (Type)
Genus: Nova GAYET, MARSHALL, SEMPERE, MEUNIER, CAPPETTA & RAGE, 2001
Genus: Nova GOMEZ & BAEZ, 2006
? BOIDAE OR MADTSOIIDAE
Family: ACROCHORDIDAE Bonaparte, 1838
= Family: ACROCHORDINAE Bonaparte, 1838
= Superfamily: ACROCHORDOIDEA Bonaparte, 1838
(Wart or file snakes)
Subfamily: ?NIGEROPHEINAE Rage, 1975
= Family: ?NIGEROPHEIDAE Rage, 1975
Genus: Indophis RAGE & PRASAD, 1992
I. sahnii RAGE & PRASAD, 1992 (Type)
I. fanambinana PRITCHARD, McCARTNEY, KRAUSE & KLEY, 2014
Genus: Kelyophis LADUKE, KRAUSE, SCANLON & KLEY, 2010
K. hechti LADUKE, KRAUSE, SCANLON & KLEY, 2010 (Type)
Genus: Nubianophis RAGE & WERNER,
1999
N. afaahus RAGE & WERNER, 1999 (Type)
Subfamily: PALAEOPHINAE Lydekker, 1888
= Family: PALAEOPHIDAE Lydekker, 1888
Genus: Palaeophis
P. sp RAGE & WOOTERS, 1979
CLADE NAME: CAENOPHIDIA HSIANG, FIELD, WEBSTER, BEHLIKE, DAVIS, CACICOT & GAUTHIER, 2015
Family: COLUBROIDAE Oppel, 1811
= Superfamily: COLUBROIDEA Oppel, 1811
Subfamily: RUSSELLOPHEINAE Rage, 1978
= Family: RUSSELLOPHEIDAE Rage, 1978
Genus: Krebsophis RAGE & WERNER, 1999
K. thobanus RAGE & WERNER, 1999 (Type)
Incertae sedis
Bibliography for taxa list
_____________________________________________________________________________________
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
Albino, A. M., 1987, The Late Cretaceous Fauna of Los Alamitos, Patagonia, Argentina. Part V-The Ophidians: Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" in Instituto Nacional de Investagacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Pleontologia, Tomo III, No. 3, p.142-146.
Albino, A.,
Carrillo-Briceno, J. D., and Neenan, J. M., 2016, An enigmatic aquatic snake
from the Cenomanian of Northern South America; PeerJ 4:e2027; DOI
10.7717/peerj.2027, 21 pp.
Apesteguia, S., and Zaher, H., 2006, A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum: Nature, v. 440, p. 1037-1040.
Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G., 1978, An Aniliid Snake and Associated Vertebrates from the Campanian of New Mexico: Journal of Paleontology, v. 52, n. 2, p. 480-483.
B
Bokay, St. J., Dr, 1925, Mesophis nopcsai n. g. n. sp., ein neues, schlangenahnliches Reptil aus der unteren Kreide (Neocom) von Bilek-Selista (ost-Hercegovina): Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja und Bosni i Hercegovini, Sarajevo, v. 37, p. 125-136.
F
Fachini, T. F., Onary, O., Palci, A., Lee, M. S. Y., Bronzati, M., and Hsiou, A. S., 2021, Cretaceous blind snake from Brazil fills major gap in snake evolution: Cell Press, open access, 13pp.
G
Gomez, R. O., and Baez, A. M., 2006, A new matsoiid snake (Squamata, Ophidia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia: In: XXII Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Ameghiniana, Revista de la Asociacion Paleontologica Argentina, Resumes, v. 43, n. 4, suplemento, p. 40R.
Gomez, R. O., Baez, A. M., and Rougier, G. W., 2008, An anilioid snake from the Upper Cretaceous of northern Patagonia: Cretaceous Research, v. 29, p. 481-488.
Gomez, R. O., Garberoglio, F. F., and Rougier, G. W., 2019, A new Late Cretaceous snake from Patagonia: Phylogeny and trends in body size evolution of madtsoiid snakes: Comptes Rendus Palevol, published online, 11pp.
Haas, G., 1979, On a new Snakelike Reptile from the Lower Cenomanian of Ein Jabrud, near Jerusalem: Bulletion du museum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris, 4th Series, n. 1, p. 51-64.
Haas, G., 1980, Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas, snakelike Reptile from the lower Cenomanian: ventral view of the skull: Bulletion du museum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris, 4th series, n. 2, p. 87-104.
Haas, G., 1980, Remarks on a New Ophiomorph Reptile from the Lower Cenomanian of Ein Jabrud, Israel: Aspects of Vertebrate History, Essays In Honor of Edwin Harris Colbert, Louis L. Jacobs, Editor, p. 177-192.
Hoffstetter, R., 1960, Un Serpent terrestre dans le Cretace inferieur du Sahara: Bulletin de la societie geologiques de France, v. 7, n. 1, p. 897-902.
Hoffstetter, R., 1961, Nuveaux restes d'un serpent Boide (Madtsoia madagascariensis nov. sp.) dans le Cretace Superieur de Madagascar: Bulletion du museum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris, Serie 2, Tome 33, n. 2, p. 152-160.
Hsiang, A. Y., Field, D. J., Webster, T. H., Behlke, A. D. B., Davis, M B., Racicot, R. A., and Gauthier, J A., 2015, The origin of snakes: revealing the ecology, behavior and evolution history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record: BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15:87, published online, 22pp.
Hsiou, A. S., Albino, A. M., Medeiros, M. A., and Santos, R. A. B., 2014, The oldest Brazilian snakes from the Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous): Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 59, n. 3, p. 635-642.
K
Klein, C. G., Longrich, N. R., Ibrahim, N., Zouhri, S., and Martill, D. M., 2017, A new basal snake from the mid-Cretaceous of Morocco: Cretaceous Research, v .72, p. 134-141.
Laduke, T. C., Krause, D. W., Scanlon, J. D., and Kley, N. J., 2010, A Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) snake assemblage from the Maevarano Formation, Mahjanga Basin, Madagascar: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 30, n. 1, p. 109-138.
Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B.-A. S., and Gauthier, J. A., 2013a, Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, v. 109, n. 53, p. 21396-31401.
Malkani, M. S., 2021, Jurassic-Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene transitions and Mesozoic vertebrates from Pakistan: Open Journal of Geology, v. 11, p. 275-318.
Marsh, O. C., 1892, Descriptions of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation: American Journal of Science, 3rd series, v. 43, p. 450.
Martill, D. M., Tischlinger, H., and Longrich, N. R., 2015, A four-legged snake from the Early Cretaceous of Gondwana: Science, v. 349, p. 416-419.
Mohabey, D. M., Head, J. J., and Wilson, J. A., 2011, A new species of the snake Madtsoia from the Upper Cretaceous of India and its paleobiogographic implications: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 31, n. 3, p. 588-595.
Nesov, L. A., Zhegallo V. I., and Averianov A. O., 1998, A new locality of Late Cretaceous snakes, mammals and other vertebrates in Africa (western Libya): Annales de Paleontologie, v. 84, n. 3-4, p. 265-274.
Nopcsa, F., 1923, Eidolosaurus und Pachyophis Zwei neue neocom-Reptilien: Palaeontographica, v. 65, p. 97-154.
P
Pritchard, A. C., McCartney, J. A., Krause, D. W., and Kley, N. J., 2014, New snakes from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Maevarano Formation, Mahajanga Basin, Madagascar: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 34, n. 5, p. 1080-1093.
Rage, J-C., 1977, La position phyletique de Dinilysia patagonica, Serpent du Cretace superieur: Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, tomo 284, p. 1765-1768.
Rage, J.-C., 1982, La phylogenie des Lepidosauriens (Reptilia): une approche cladistique: Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, tomo 294, p. 399-402.
Rage, J-C., 1984, Serpentes: Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Teli 11, p. 1-80.
Rage, J-C., 1988, Un serpent primitif (Reptilia, Squamata) dans le Cenomanien (Base du Cretace superieur): Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, tomo 307, serie 2, p. 1027-1032.
Rage, J-C., 1996, Les Madtsoiidae (Reptilia, Serpentes) du Cretace superieur d’Europe: temoins gondwaniens d’une dispersion transt ethysienne: Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, tomo 322, series 2, p. 603-608.
Rage, J-C., and Escuillie, F., 2000, Un nouveau serpent bipede du Cenomanien (Cretace). Implications phyletiques: Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, v. 330, p. 513-520.
Get Rage, J. C., and Escuillie, F., 2002, Eupodophis, new name for the genus Podophis Rage and Escuillie, 2000, an extinct bipedal snake, preoccupied by Podophis Wiegmann, 1843 (Lacertilia, Scincidae): Amphibia-Reptilia, Leyden, v. 23, p. 232-233.
Rage, J-C., and Prasad. G. V. R., 1992, New snakes from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Naskal, India: Neües Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie, Abh. v. 187, n. 1, p. 83-97
Rage, J.-C., and Werner C., 1999, Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) snakes from Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan: the earliest snake assemblage: Palaeontographica africana,v. 35, p. 85-110.
Rage, J-C, and Wouters, G., 1979, Decouverte du plus ancien Palaeopheide (Reptilia, Serpentes) dans la Maestrichtien du Maroc: Geobios, n. 12, fascile 2, p. 293-296.
Rio, J. P., and Mannion, P. D., 2017, The osteology of the giant snake Gigantophis garstini from the Upper Eocene of North Africa and its bearing on the phylogenetic relatinoships and biogeography of Madtsoiidae: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e1347179, 20pp.
Sauvage, H. E., 1880, Sur l’existence d’un Reptile du type ophidien dans les couches a Ostrea columba des Charentes: Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, v. 91, p. 671-672.
Simpson, G. G., 1933, A new fossil snake from the Notostylops beds of Patagona: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 67, n. 1, p. 1-22.
Tchernov, E., Rieppel O., Zaher H., Polcyn M. J., and Jacobs L. L., 2000, A fossil snake with limbs: Science, v. 287, p. 2010-2012.
Vasile, S., Ciski-Sava, Z., and Venczel, M., 2013, A new matsoiid snake from the Upper Cretaceous of the Hateg Basin, Western Romania: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 33, n. 5, p. 1100-1119.
Vullo, R., 2019, A new species of Lapparentophis from the mid-Cretaceous Kem Kem beds, Morocco, with remarks on the distribution of lapparentophiid snakes: Comptes Rendus Palevol, published online, 6pp.
Wallach, V., 1984, A new name for Ophiomorphus colberti Haas, 1980: Journal of Herpetology, v. 18, p. 329.
Wiegmann, A.F.A., 1834, Herpetologia Mexicana, seu Description Amphibiorum Novae Hispaniae, quae itineribus comitis de Sack, Ferdinandi Deppe et Chr. Guil. Schiede in Museum Zoologicum Berolinense pervenerunt. Pars Prima, Saurorum Species amplectens. Adiecto Systematis Saurorum Prodromo, additisque multis in hunc Amphibiorum ordinem observatoni- Nomenclature of Supra-Generic Units Within Scincidae Zootaxa 5067 (3) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 351 bus. C.G. Lüderitz, Berolini, vi + 54 pp.
Wiley, E. O., 1979, Ventral gill arch muscles and the interrelationships of gnathostomes, with a new classification of the Vertebrata: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 67, p. 149-179.
Wilson, J. A., Mohabey, D. M,. Peters, S. E., and Head, J. J,. 2010, Predation upon hatchling dinosurs by a new snake from the Late Cretaceous of India: Public Library of Science (PLOS) Biology, v. 8, issue 3, 10 pp.
Woodward, A. S., 1901, On some Extinct Reptiles from Patagonia, of the genera Miolania, Dinilysia, and Genyodectes: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,v. 1, p. 169-184.
X
Xing, L., Caldwell, M. W., Chen, R., Nydam, R. L., Palci, A., Simoes, T. R., McKellar R. C., Lee, M. S. Y., Liu, Y., Shi, H., Wang, K., and Bai, M., 2018, A mid-Cretaceous embryonic-to-neonate snake in amber from Myanmar: Science Advances, published online, 8pp.
Zaher, H., 1998, The phylogenetic position of Pachyrhachis within snakes (Squamata, Lepidosauria): Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 18, n. 1, p. 1-3.
Zaher, H., and Rieppel O., 1999, The phlyogenetic relationships of Pachyrhachis problematicus, an evolution of limblessness in snakes (Lepidosauria, Squamata): Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planets, v. 329, p. 831-837.