Sphenodons (Genus: 48; Species: 66)

CLASS: REPTILIA Laurenti, 1768
= CLASS: MONOCONDYLIA Cope, 1890

SUBCLASS: DIAPSIDA Osborn, 1903
= PARADIAPSIDA
= INFRASERIES: DIAPSIDA Benton & Norman, in Benton, 1985
= CLASS: EUOSTEICHTHYES Wiley, 1979 (partim)
= INFRACLASS: CHOANATA
= SUPERDIVISION: AMNIOTA Wiley, 1979
= DIVISION: SAUROPSIDA Wiley, 1979 (sedis mutabilis)

CLADE NAME: NEOREPTILIA Ford & Benson, 2020

INFRACLASS: NEODIAPSIDA Benton, 1985
= STEM-GROUP: NEODIAPSIDA Benton, 1985
= SUPERDIVISION: NEODIAPSIDA Benton, 1985

CLADE NAME: SAURIA McCARTNEY, 1802 sensu GAUTHIER, KLUGE & ROWE, 1988

LEGION: LEPIDOSAUROMORPHA BENTON, 1983
= DIVISION: LEPIDOSAURIA DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1839
= SUBDIVISION: LEPIDOSAURIA GARDNER, 1982

SUBLEGION: LEPIDOSAURIA HAECKEL, 1866 (DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1839)
= SUPERORDER: LEPIDOSAURIA HAECKEL, 1866 (DUMERIL & BIBRON, 1839)
= SUPERCOHORT: RHYNCHOCEPHALIA WILEY, 1979

Incertae sedis

Gen. sp indet.

MAGNORDER: RHYNCHOCEPHALIA GUNTHER, 1867
= MAGNORDER: SPHENODONTIFORMES HAY, 1930

Incertae sedis

Genus: Wirtembergia SUES & SCHOCH, 2023
W. hauboldae SUES & SCHOCH, 2023 (Type)

Gen. sp indet.

ORDER: SPHENODONTIA WILLISTON, 1925
= SUBORDER: SPHENODONTOIDEA LYDEKKER, 1888
= SUBORDER: HOMOEOSAURIA HUXLEY, 1871
= SUBORDER: SPHENODONTI JAEKEL, 1911
= SUBORDER: SPHENODONTIA KUHN, 1966
= SUBORDER: SPHENODONTINA LYDEKKER, 1888
= SUBORDER: SPENODONTOIDEA NOPCSA, 1923
= ORDER: RHYNCHOCEPHALIA ZITTEL, 1902 (
partim)
= NEOSAUROMORPHA HUENE, 1956 (partim)

Incertae sedis
= Family: EUPOSAURIDAE Camp, 1923

Genus: Diphydontosaurus WHITESIDE, 1986
D. avonis WHITESIDE, 1986 (Type)
= Perparvus ROMER, 1966 (nomen nudum)
Note: This name appeared in a list from Romer (1966) in the family Kuehneosauridae followed by Carroll (1988). Evans (2003) notes that Perparvus was an informal name used by the late Pamela Robinson for Diphydontosaurus.
D. sp

Genus: Eichstaettisaurus

Genus: Euposaurus JOURDAN, 1892
E. thoillierei LORTET, 1892 (Type)
E. lorteri HOFFSTETTER, 1964
Note: Should be grouped with Sapheosaurus, Kallimodon, Piocormus and Leptosaurus (EVANS, 1994).

Genus: Lamarquesaurus APESTEGUIA & ROUGIER, 2007
L. cabazai APESTEGUIA & ROUGIER, 2007 (Type)

Genus: Pelecymala FRASER, 1986
P. robustus FRASER, 1986 (Type)
P. sp

Genus: Pristidactylus

Genus: Rebbanasaurus EVANS, PRASAD & MANHAS, 2001
R. jani EVANS, PRASAD & MANHAS, 2001 (Type)

Genus: Scharschengia HUENE, 1940 (nomen dubium)
S. enigmatica HUENE, 1940 (Type)
S. sp

Genus: Sphenocondor APESTEGUIA, GOMEZ & ROUGIER, 2012
S. gracilis APESTEGUIA, GOMEZ & ROUGIER, 2012 (Type)

Genus: Sphenotitan MARTINEZ, APALDETTI, COLOMBI, PRADEIRO, FERNANDEZ, MALNIS, CORREA, ABELIN, & ALCOBER, 2013
S. leyesi MARTINEZ, APALDETTI, COLOMBI, PRADEIRO, FERNANDEZ, MALNIS, CORREA, ABELIN, & ALCOBER, 2013 (Type)

Genus: Nova CISNEROS & SCHULTZ, 2000

Genus: Nova SERENO, 2006

Gen. sp indet.

Family: GEPHYROSAURIDAE Evans, 1980
= PLESION: GEPHYROSAURIDAE BENTON & NORMAN, in BENTON, 1985

Genus: Deltadectes WHITESIDE, DUFFIN & FURRER, 2017
D. elvetica WHITESIDE, DUFFIN & FURRER, 2017 (Type)

Genus: Gephyrosaurus EVANS, 1980
G. bridensis EVANS, 1980 (Type)
G. sp

CLADE: ACROSPHENODONTIA CHAMBI-TROWELL, MARTINELLI, WHITESIDE, ROMO DE VIVAR, SOARES, SCHULTZ, GILL, BENTON & RAYFIELD, 2021

Genus: Planocephalosaurus FRASER, 1982
P. robinsonae FRASER, 1982 (Type)
P. lucasi HECKERT, 2002 (nomen nudum)
P. Species: NovaHECKERT, 2001
P. sp

Genus: Godavarisaurus EVANS, PRASAD & MANHAS, 2001
G. lateefi EVANS, PRASAD & MANHAS, 2001 (Type)

Gen. sp indet.

CLADE: EUSPHENODONTIA HERRERA-FLORES, STUBBS, ELSER & BENTON, 2018

Incertae sedis

Genus: Lanceirosphenodon de VIVAR, MARTINELLI, HSIOU & SOARES, 2020
L. ferigoloi de VIVAR, MARTINELLI, HSIOU & SOARES, 2020 (Type)

Genus: Microsphenodon CHAMBI-TROWELL, MARTINELLI, WHITESIDE, de VIVAR, SOARES, SCHULTZ, GILL, BENTON, & RAYFIELD, 2021
M. bonapartei CHAMBI-TROWELL, MARTINELLI, WHITESIDE, de VIVAR, SOARES, SCHULTZ, GILL, BENTON, & RAYFIELD, 2021 (Type)

Genus: Opisthiamimus DeMAR JR, JONES & CARRANO, 2022
O. gregori DeMAR JR, JONES & CARRANO, 2022 (Type)

Family: BRACHYRHINODONTIDAE Huene, 1948
= Subfamily: BRACHYRHINODONTINAE Huene, 1948

= Family: POLYSPHENODONTIDAE Kuhn, 1969
= Family: CLEVOSAURIDAE Bonaparte & Sues, 2006

Genus: Brachyrhinodon HUENE, 1910
B. taylori HUENE, 1910 (Type)

Genus: Clevosaurus SWINTON, 1939
= Dianosaurus YOUNG, 1982
= Glevosaurus ROBINSON, 1973
C. hudsoni SWINTON, 1939 (Type)
C. minor FRASER & WALKDEN, 1983
C. petilus (YOUNG, 1982) WU, 1984
= Dianosaurus petilus YOUNG, 1982
= Clevosaurus wangi WU, 1994
C. mcgilli WU, 1994
C. bairdi SUES, SHUBIN & OLSEN, 1994
C. convallis SAILA, 2005
C. brasiliensis BONAPARTE & SUES, 2006
C. sectumsemper KLEIN, WHITESIDE, LUCAS, VIEGAS, & BENTON, 2015
C. hadroprodon HSIOU, NYDAM, SIMOES, PRETTO, ONARY, MARTINELLI, LIPARINI, de VIVAR MARTINEX, SOARES, SCHULT & CALDWELL, 2019
C. nicholasi BHAT, DATTA, RAY & DATTA, 2023 (published 2024)
C. sp

Genus: Polysphenodon JAEKEL, 1911
P. muelleri JAEKEL, 1911 (Type)

Gen. sp indet.

CLADE: NEOSPHENODONTIA HERRERA-FLORES, STUBBS, ELSER & BENTON, 2018

Family: HOMAEOSAURIDAE Gervais, 1854
= Subfamily: HOMOEOSAURINAE Gervais, 1854 (sensu Gervais, 1859)
= Subfamily: HOMEOSAURIDES Gervais, 1854 (sensu Gervais, 1850)

Genus: Homoeosaurus MEYER, 1845
= Homaeosaurus ZITTELL, 1887-1889 (sic)
= Homosaurus MEYER, 1847 (sic)
= Stelliosaurus JOURDAN, 1862
H. maximiliani MEYER, 1845 (Type)
= Homosaurus maximiliani MEYER, 1847 (sic)
= Homoeosaurus jourdani LORETET, 1892
= Euposaurus cirinensis LORTET 1892
= Homoeosaurus aff. solnhofensis FABRE, 1973
H. major BOULENGER, 1891
H. solnhofensis COCUDE-MICHEL, 1963
H. sp

Genus: Leptosaurus FITZINGER, 1837
= ?Kallimodon COCUDE-MICHEL 1963
L. neptunius (GOLDFUSS, 1831) ) FITZINGER, 1837 (Type)
= Lacerta neptunia GOLDFUSS, 1831
= Homoeosaurus maximilliani AMMON, 1886 non MEYER, 1845
= Homoeosaurus parvipes COCUDE-MICHEL, 1963
= Kallimodon cerinensis COCUDE-MICHEL, 1963
L. pulchellus (ZITTELL, 1887) GRIER, 1914
= Homoesaurus pulchellus ZITTELL, 1887
= Kallimodon pulchellus (ZITTELL, 1887) FRICKHINGER, 1994
= Sauranodon incisivus LORTET, 1892
= Homoeosaurus rhodani LORTET, 1892
= Homoeosaurus brevipesROTHPLETZ, 1909
= Homoeosaurus pulchellus BROILI, 1925
= Homoeosaurus rhodani HUENE, 1952 non LORETET, 1992

Genus: Nova similar to Kallimodon RAUHUT, LOPEZ-ARBARELLO, RÖPER, & ROTHGAENGER, 2017

Genus: Nova RAUHUT & LOPEZ-ARBARELLO 2016

Family: SAPHEOSAURIDAE Nopcsa, 1923
= Subfamily: SAPHAEOSAURINAE Nopcsa, 1923
= Family: SAURANODONTES Lortet, 1892
= Family: SAURANODONTIDAE Boulenger, 1893 non Marsh, 1879

= SUBORDER: SAPHEOSAUROIDEA KUHN, 1969

Genus: Piocormus WAGNER, 1852
P. laticeps WAGNER, 1852 (Type)
= Sapheosaurus laticeps (WAGNER, 1852) MEYER, 1860
P. sp (cf. Sapheosaurus or Piocormus)

Genus: Sapheosaurus MEYER, 1850
= Saphaeosaurus in errore, JOURDAN, 1862
= Saphaeosaurus ROMER, 1935 (sic)
= Sauranodon JOURDAN, 1862
S. thiollierei MEYER, 1850 (Type)
= Sauranodon incisivus JOURDAN, 1862

Family: SPHENODONTIDAE Cope, 1869
= Family: HATTERIIDAE, Cope, 1864

= Subfamily: SPHENODONTINAE Cope, 1869

Genus: Ankylosphenodon REYNOSO, 2000
A. pachyostosus REYNOSO, 2000 (Type)

Genus: Colobops PRITCHARD, GAUTHIER, HANSON, BEVER & BHULLAR, 2018
= Sphenodontia indet OLSEN, 1980, SUES & BAIRD, 1993
C. noviportensis PRITCHARD, GAUTHIER, HANSON, BEVER & BHULLAR, 2018 (Type)

Genus: Cynosphenodon REYNOSO, 1996
C. huizachalensis REYNOSO, 1996 (Type)

Genus: Derasmosaurus BARBERA & MACUGLIA, 1988
D. pietraroiae BARBERA & MACUGLIA, 1988 (Type)

Genus: Navajosphenodon SIMOES, KINNEY-BRODERICK & PIERCE, 2022
N. sani SIMOES, KINNEY-BRODERICK & PIERCE, 2022 (Type)

Genus: Oenosaurus RAUHUT, HEYNG, LOPEZ-ARBARELLO, & HECKER, 2012
= Genus: Nova RAUHUT & HEYNG, 2009
O. muehlheimensis RAUHUT, HEYNG, LOPEZ-ARBARELLO, & HECKER, 2012 (Type)

Genus: Paleollanosaurus HECKERT, 2004
= Llanosauurus HECKERT, 2002 (nomen nudum)
P. fraseri HECKERT, 2004 (Type)
= Llanosauurus fraseri HECKERT, 2002 (nomen nudum)
P. sp

Genus: Pamizinsaurus REYNOSO, 1997
P. tlayuaensis REYNOSO, 1997 (Type)

Genus: Sigmala FRASER, 1986
S. sigmala FRASER, 1986 (Type)
S. sp

Genus: Sphenodon GRAY, 1872 (Living)
= Hatteria GRAY, 1872
= Rhynchocephalus OWEN, 1845
= Sphaenodon GRAY, 1881 (sic)
S. punctatus GRAY, 1872 (Type)
S. punctatus punctatus (GRAY 1931) WERMUTH & MERTENS 1977
S. punctatus reischeki WETTSTEIN, 1943 (Living?)
S. guntheri BULLER, 1877 (Living)
= Sphenodon punctatus guentheri (BULLER, 1877) WETTSTEIN 1936 
S. diversum COLENSO, 1886 (Extinct)
S. sp

Genus: Sphenofontis VILLA, MONTIE, RÖPER, ROTHGAENGER & RAUHUT, 2021
S. velserae VILLA, MONTIE, RÖPER, ROTHGAENGER & RAUHUT, 2021 (Type)

Genus: Sphenovipera REYNOSO, 2005
S. jimmysoyi REYNOSO, 2005 (Type)

Genus: Theretairus SIMPSON, 1926
T. antiquus SIMPSON, 1926 (Type)

Genus: Tika APESTEGUIA, GARBEROGLIO & GOMEZ, 2021
T. giacchinoi APESTEGUIA, GARBEROGLIO & GOMEZ, 2021 (Type)

Genus: Tingitana EVANS & SIGOGNEAU-RUSSELL, 1997
T. anoualae EVANS & SIGOGNEAU-RUSSELL, 1997 (Type)

Genus: Zapatadon REYNOSO & CLARK, 1998
Z. ejidoensis REYNOSO & CLARK, 1998 (Type)

Sphenodon B EVANS & SIGOGNEAU-RUSSELL, 1997

Sphenodont X

Genus: Nova? CHURE, 1992

Genus: Nova FERIGOLO, BONAPARTE & RIBEIRO, 1999

Genus: Nova HECKERT, 2001

Genus: Nova NOVAS, APESTEGUIA, POL, DE VALAIS, FORASIEPI, LEANZA, GONZALEZ & HARO, 1999

Gen. sp indet.

CLADE: OPISTHODONTIA APESTEGUIA & NOVAS, 2003

Genus: Fraserosphenodon HERRERA-FLORES, STUBBS, ELSLER & BENTON, 2018
F. latidens (FRASER, 1993) HERRERA-FLORES, STUBBS, ELSLER & BENTON, 2018
=Clevosaurus latidens FRASER, 1993

Genus: Kawasphenodon APESTEGUIA, 2005
K. expectatus APESTEGUIA, 2005 (Type)
K. peligrensis APESTIGUIA, GOMEZ & ROUGIER, 2014

Genus: Opisthias GILMORE, 1909
O. rarus GILMORE, 1909 (Type)
O. sp

Family: EILENODONTIDAE Ramussen & Callison, 1981
= Subfamily: EILENODONTINAE Ramussen & Callison, 1981

Genus: Eilenodon RASMUSSEN & CALLISON, 1981
E. robustus RASMUSSEN & CALLISON, 1981 (Type)
E. sp

Genus: Kaikaifilusaurus SIMON & KELLNER, 2005
K. calvoi SIMON & KELLNER, 2005 (Type)

Genus: Priosphenodon APESTEGUIA & NOVAS, 2003
P. avelasi APESTEGUIA & NOVAS, 2003 (Type)
P. minimus APESTEGUIA & CARBALLIDO, 2014

Genus: Toxolophosaurus OLSON, 1960
T. cloudi OLSON, 1960 (Type)
T. Species: Nova KIRKLAND, BRITT, BURGE, CARPENTER, CIFELLI, DECOURTEN, EATON, HASIOTIS & LAWTON, 1997

Gen. sp indet.

SUBORDER: PLEUROSAUROIDEA FITZINGER, 1843
= SUBORDR: PLEUROSAURI FITZINGER, 1843
= SUBORDER: PLEUROSAURIA GIEBEL, 1847
= SUBORDER: ACROSAURIER MEYER, 1861
= Superfamily: ACROSAURIDEA Andreae, 1893 (sensu Nopsca, 1924)
= Superfamily: ACROSAUROIDEA Andreae, 1893 (sensu Nopcsa, 1928)

Incertae sedis

Genus: Vadasaurus BEVER & NORELL, 2017
V. herzogi BEVER & NORELL, 2017 (Type)

Family: PLEUROSAURIDAE Lydekker, 1888
= Family: ACROSAURIDAE Andreae, 1893
= Subfamily: PLEUROSAURINAE Lydekker, 1888 (sensu Huene, 1956)

Genus: Palaeopleurosaurus CARROLL, 1985
P. posidoniae CARROLL, 1985 (Type)

Genus: Pleurosaurus MEYER, 1831
= Acrosaurus MEYER, 1854
= Anguisaurus MUENSTER, 1839
= Anguinosaurus MUENSTER, 1840 (sic)
= Saurophidium (JORDAN, 1862) GERVAIS, 1871
P. goldfussi MEYER, 1831 (Type)
= Pleurosaurus goldfufsii MEYER (sic)
= Anguisaurus bipes MEYER, 1854
= Acrosaurus fischmanni MEYER, 1854
= Anguisaurus munsteri WAGNER, 1859 (nomen nudum)
= Anguisaurus munsteri WAGNER, 1861
= Saurophidium munsteri (WAGNER, 1860) GERVIAS, 1873
= Pleurosaurus munsteri (WAGNER, 1861 ) DAMES, 1896
= Pleurosaurus minor WAGNER, 1861
= Pleurosaurus lorteii BROILI, 1926
P. ginsburgi FABRE, 1974
P. sp

Genus: Nova? APPLEGATE & CABRAL-PEERDOMO, 1994

Bibliography

Bibliography for taxa list

_____________________________________________________________________________________

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

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Apesteguia, S., and Carballido, J. L,. 2014, A new eilenodontine (Lepidosauria, Sphenodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of central Patagonia: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 34, n. 2, p. 303-317.

Apesteguia, S., Garberoglio, F. F., and Gomez, R. O., 2021, Earliest Tuatara relative (Lepidosauria: Sphenodontinae) from southern continents: Ameghinana, v. 58, n. 5, p. 416-441.

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Apesteguia, S., and Novas, F. N., 2003, Large Cretaceous sphenodontia from Patagonia provides insight into lepidosaur evolution in Gondwana: Nature, v. 425, p. 609-612.

Apesteguia, S., and Rougier, G. W., 2007, A Late Campanian Sphenodontid maxilla from Northern Patagonia: American Museum Novitates, n. 3581, 11pp.

B

Ballen, W., 1877, (Hatteria) Sphenodon guntheri sp n. from Brothers Islands, near Crook Strait, New Zealand, and nots on S. punctatus: Transactions of New Zealand History, v. 9, p. 317-325.

Bever, G. S., and Norell, M. A., 2017, A new rhynchocephalian (Reptilia: Lepidosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Solnhofen (Germnay) and the origin of the marine Pleurosauridae: Royal Society Open Science, v. 4, 16pp.

Bhat, M. S., Datta, D., Ray, S., and Datta, P. M., 2023 (published 2024), A new clevosaurid (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Upper Triassic of India: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 23, n. 1, 18pp.

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C

Carroll, R. L., 1985, A pleurosaur from the Lower Jurassic and the taxonomic position of the Sphenodontida: Palaeontographica., Series A, v. 189, p. 1-28.

Case, E. C., 1922, New reptiles and stegocephalians from the Late Triassic of Western Texas: Publications, Carnegie Institution of Washington,v. 31, p. 1-84.

Case, E. C., 1928, Indications of a Cotylosaur and of a new form of Fish from the Triassic beds of Texas, with remarks on the Shinarump conglomerate: Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, v. 3, n. 1, p. 1-14.

Chambi-Trowell, S. A. V., Martinelli, A. G., Whietside, D. I., de Vivar, P. R. R., Soares, M. B., Schultz, C. L., Gill, P. G., Benton, M. J., and Rayfield, E. J,. 2021, The diversity of Triassic South American sphenodontians: a new basal form, clevosaurs, and a revision of rhynchocephalian phylogeny: Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, published online, 34pp.

Cocude-Michel, M., 1963, Les Rhynchocephales et les Sauriens des Calcaires Lithographiques (Jurassique-Superieur) d’Europe Occidentale: Nouvelles Archieves du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle De Lyon, Fascicule 7, p. 1-187.

Cocude-Michel, M., 1964, Etude d'Eichstattisaurus digitatellus (= Homoeosaurus digitatellus GRIER 1914) Saurien du Portlandien inferieur de Solenhofen: Bulletin de la societie geologiques de France, 7th series, p. 704-706.

Costa, O. G., 1864, Paleontologia del Regno di Napoli, II Atti della R. Academia Pontaniana, Nopoli, v. 8, p. 1-198.

D

DeMar Jr., D. G., Jones, M. E. H., and Carrano, M. T., 2022, A nearly complete skeleton of a new eusphenodontian from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA, provides insight into the evolution of and diversity of Rhynchocephalia (Reptilia: Lepidosauria): Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, published online, 64pp.

E

Evans, S. E., 1980, The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Early Jurassic of South Wales: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 70, p. 208-264.

Evans, S. E., 1994, A re-evaluation of the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) reptile Euposaurus (Reptilia: Lepidosauria) from Cerin, France: Geobios, v. 27, n. 5, p. 621-631.

Evans, S. E., 1996, Parviraptor (Squamata: Anguimorpha) and Other Lizards from the Morrison Formation at Fruita, Colorado: In: The Continental Jurassic, Michael Morales, Ed., 1996, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, n. 60, p. 243-248.

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Evans, S. E., Prasad, G. V. R., and Manhas, B. K., 2001, Rhynchocephalians (Diapsida: Lepidosauria) from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 133, p. 309-334.

F

Fabre, M. J., 1973, Un squelette d'Homoeosaurus aff. solnhofensis (Rhynchocephalia) du Portlandien du Petit Plan de Canjuers (Var): Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, tomo 276, p. 1139-1142.

Fabre, M. J., 1974, Un squelette de Pleurosaurus ginsburgi nov. sp. (Rhynchochocephalia) du Portlandien du Petit Plan de Canjuers (Var): Compte rendu hebdomadaire des seances de l’Academie des Sciences Paris, tomo 278, p. 2417-2420.

Fraser, N. C., 1982, A new Rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias: Palaeontology, v. 25, part 4, p. 709-725.

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G

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Gervais, P., in Thiolliere V., 1873, Description des poissions fissiles provenant des gisements coraliens du Jura dans le Bugey: Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, tome 4, series 4, p. 79-86.

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H

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